{"id":143985,"date":"2025-10-24T17:11:57","date_gmt":"2025-10-24T21:11:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mokshaworks.com\/?p=143985"},"modified":"2026-05-08T09:36:22","modified_gmt":"2026-05-08T13:36:22","slug":"lithium-and-therapeutic-targeting-of-gsk-3","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/nutritionallithium.com\/?p=143985","title":{"rendered":"Lithium and Therapeutic Targeting of GSK-3"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"143985\" class=\"elementor elementor-143985\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-654db8ef hero-wrapper e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"654db8ef\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"hero-fixed\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11ce6d2b hero-header-info elementor-widget elementor-widget-elementskit-heading\" data-id=\"11ce6d2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"hero-header\" data-widget_type=\"elementskit-heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ekit-wid-con\" ><div class=\"ekit-heading elementskit-section-title-wraper text_center   ekit_heading_tablet-   ekit_heading_mobile-\"><h1 class=\"ekit-heading--title elementskit-section-title \">Lithium and Therapeutic Targeting of GSK-3<\/h1><div class=\"ekit_heading_separetor_wraper ekit_heading_elementskit-border-divider ekit-dotted\"><div class=\"elementskit-border-divider ekit-dotted\"><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<div class='ekit-heading__description'>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>Evidence Supporting GSK-3 as a Lithium Target<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2477e363 elementor-hidden-desktop elementor-hidden-laptop mobile-banner-wrapper elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2477e363\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-fdfa3d3 elementor-hidden-desktop elementor-hidden-laptop mobile-banner-container\" data-id=\"fdfa3d3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e6cdb32 elementor-widget-mobile__width-inherit l2-mobile-banner-info elementor-hidden-desktop elementor-hidden-laptop elementor-widget-tablet__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"4e6cdb32\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"l2-mobile-banner\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/mokshaworks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Earn-Professional-Credentials-and-Increase-Your-Earning-Potential-at-Moksha-Continuing-Education-in-New-York-City-1.jpg\" title=\"\" alt=\"image promoting earning professional credentials at Moksha Works\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><div id=\"l2-mobile-banner-info\">Continuing Education News Center<\/div><\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<main class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-04c7287 main-1-wrapper elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default elementor-invisible\" data-id=\"04c7287\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" id=\"main\" data-settings=\"{&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;,&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;animation_mobile&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8cf891e news-container\" data-id=\"8cf891e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f1a03af elementor-widget-laptop__width-auto elementor-widget-tablet__width-auto elementor-widget-mobile__width-auto h2-heading-1-info elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f1a03af\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"h2-heading-1\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Direct Targets of Lithium<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/main>\n\t\t\t\t<main class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-deac35e main-2-wrapper elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default elementor-invisible\" data-id=\"deac35e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;,&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;animation_mobile&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-732ca51 main-container-left\" data-id=\"732ca51\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a26c868 elementor-widget-mobile__width-inherit thumb-1-header-info elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a26c868\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"thumb-1-header\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Meet the Research Team<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e99f487 thumb-2b-image-info elementor-widget-mobile__width-inherit elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-gallery\" data-id=\"e99f487\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;gallery_layout&quot;:&quot;masonry&quot;,&quot;columns&quot;:3,&quot;gap&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:1,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;link_to&quot;:&quot;custom&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\\\/\\\/mokshaworks.com\\\/meet-the-researchers\\\/&quot;,&quot;is_external&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;nofollow&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;custom_attributes&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;content_hover_animation&quot;:&quot;grow&quot;,&quot;_animation_mobile&quot;:&quot;fadeInLeft&quot;,&quot;lazyload&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;columns_tablet&quot;:2,&quot;columns_mobile&quot;:1,&quot;gap_laptop&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;gap_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;gap_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;overlay_background&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"gallery.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-gallery__container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"e-gallery-item elementor-gallery-item elementor-animated-content\" href=\"https:\/\/mokshaworks.com\/meet-the-researchers\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-gallery-image elementor-gallery-item__image\" data-thumbnail=\"https:\/\/nutritionallithium.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Dr.Sudhir-Gadh-will-lead-an-international-collaborative-team-with-deep-expertise-in-psychopharmacology-and-biological-psychiatry.jpg\" data-width=\"266\" data-height=\"340\" aria-label=\"image promoting Dr. Sudhir Gadh lead researcher\" role=\"img\" ><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-gallery-item__overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"e-gallery-item elementor-gallery-item elementor-animated-content\" href=\"https:\/\/mokshaworks.com\/meet-the-researchers\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-gallery-image elementor-gallery-item__image\" data-thumbnail=\"https:\/\/nutritionallithium.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Dr.-Lena-Backlund-MD.jpg\" data-width=\"266\" data-height=\"340\" aria-label=\"image linking to Dr. Lena Backlund MD\" role=\"img\" ><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-gallery-item__overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"e-gallery-item elementor-gallery-item elementor-animated-content\" href=\"https:\/\/mokshaworks.com\/meet-the-researchers\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-gallery-image elementor-gallery-item__image\" data-thumbnail=\"https:\/\/nutritionallithium.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Dr.-Peder-Bjorling-Director-of-the-Personality-disorders-out-patient-clinic-of-Psykiatri-Sydvast-Stockholm.jpg\" data-width=\"266\" data-height=\"340\" aria-label=\"image promoting Dr. Peder Bjorling, Director of the Personality Disorders Out-Patient Clinic of Psykiatri Syndvast in Stockholm\" role=\"img\" ><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-gallery-item__overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7c49966 thumb-1-text-info elementor-list-item-link-inline elementor-tablet-align-start elementor-align-start elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"7c49966\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation_mobile&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fad fa-caret-right\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mokshaworks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/low-dose-lithium-and-inflammation-study.pdf\">Pilot Study (PDF)<\/a><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fad fa-caret-right\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mokshaworks.com\/funding-potential\/\">Funding Appeal<\/a><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fad fa-caret-right\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mokshaworks.com\/meet-the-researchers\/\">Meet the Researchers<\/a><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fad fa-caret-right\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mokshaworks.com\/news-podcasts-publications\/\">News and Announcements<\/a><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fad fa-caret-right\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mokshaworks.com\/mental-health-biomarkers-and-lithium-research\/\">Mental Health Biomarkers<\/a><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fad fa-caret-right\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mokshaworks.com\/lithium-suicide-prevention\/\">Suicide Prevention<\/a><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fad fa-caret-right\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mokshaworks.com\/lithium-for-alzheimers-disease\/\">Lithium for Alzheimer's<\/a><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fad fa-caret-right\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mokshaworks.com\/lithium-for-treating-addiction\/\">Lithium for Addiction<\/a><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cf6262b social-4-info elementor-widget-tablet__width-auto elementor-grid-4 elementor-grid-mobile-4 e-grid-align-mobile-center elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-widget-laptop__width-auto elementor-shape-rounded e-grid-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-social-icons\" data-id=\"cf6262b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"social-icons.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-social-icons-wrapper elementor-grid\" role=\"list\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-grid-item\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-icon elementor-social-icon elementor-social-icon-linkedin elementor-animation-grow elementor-repeater-item-945979c\" href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/sudhir-gadh-844a5419\" target=\"_blank\" role=\"link\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-screen-only\">Linkedin<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fab-linkedin\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 32H31.9C14.3 32 0 46.5 0 64.3v383.4C0 465.5 14.3 480 31.9 480H416c17.6 0 32-14.5 32-32.3V64.3c0-17.8-14.4-32.3-32-32.3zM135.4 416H69V202.2h66.5V416zm-33.2-243c-21.3 0-38.5-17.3-38.5-38.5S80.9 96 102.2 96c21.2 0 38.5 17.3 38.5 38.5 0 21.3-17.2 38.5-38.5 38.5zm282.1 243h-66.4V312c0-24.8-.5-56.7-34.5-56.7-34.6 0-39.9 27-39.9 54.9V416h-66.4V202.2h63.7v29.2h.9c8.9-16.8 30.6-34.5 62.9-34.5 67.2 0 79.7 44.3 79.7 101.9V416z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-grid-item\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-icon elementor-social-icon elementor-social-icon-map-marked-alt elementor-animation-grow elementor-repeater-item-1f02e90\" href=\"https:\/\/maps.app.goo.gl\/H84e3vSC2Yt1ntkBA\" target=\"_blank\" role=\"link\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-screen-only\">Map-marked-alt<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-map-marked-alt\" viewBox=\"0 0 576 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M288 0c-69.59 0-126 56.41-126 126 0 56.26 82.35 158.8 113.9 196.02 6.39 7.54 17.82 7.54 24.2 0C331.65 284.8 414 182.26 414 126 414 56.41 357.59 0 288 0zm0 168c-23.2 0-42-18.8-42-42s18.8-42 42-42 42 18.8 42 42-18.8 42-42 42zM20.12 215.95A32.006 32.006 0 0 0 0 245.66v250.32c0 11.32 11.43 19.06 21.94 14.86L160 448V214.92c-8.84-15.98-16.07-31.54-21.25-46.42L20.12 215.95zM288 359.67c-14.07 0-27.38-6.18-36.51-16.96-19.66-23.2-40.57-49.62-59.49-76.72v182l192 64V266c-18.92 27.09-39.82 53.52-59.49 76.72-9.13 10.77-22.44 16.95-36.51 16.95zm266.06-198.51L416 224v288l139.88-55.95A31.996 31.996 0 0 0 576 426.34V176.02c0-11.32-11.43-19.06-21.94-14.86z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-grid-item\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-icon elementor-social-icon elementor-social-icon-youtube elementor-animation-grow elementor-repeater-item-12f728e\" href=\"https:\/\/drsudhirgadhmd.com\/podcasts-and-publications\/\" target=\"_blank\" role=\"link\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-screen-only\">Youtube<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fab-youtube\" viewBox=\"0 0 576 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M549.655 124.083c-6.281-23.65-24.787-42.276-48.284-48.597C458.781 64 288 64 288 64S117.22 64 74.629 75.486c-23.497 6.322-42.003 24.947-48.284 48.597-11.412 42.867-11.412 132.305-11.412 132.305s0 89.438 11.412 132.305c6.281 23.65 24.787 41.5 48.284 47.821C117.22 448 288 448 288 448s170.78 0 213.371-11.486c23.497-6.321 42.003-24.171 48.284-47.821 11.412-42.867 11.412-132.305 11.412-132.305s0-89.438-11.412-132.305zm-317.51 213.508V175.185l142.739 81.205-142.739 81.201z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-grid-item\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-icon elementor-social-icon elementor-social-icon-steam elementor-animation-grow elementor-repeater-item-1841bca\" href=\"https:\/\/podcasts.apple.com\/lt\/podcast\/renegade-psych\/id1711075481\" target=\"_blank\" role=\"link\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-screen-only\">Steam<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fab-steam\" viewBox=\"0 0 496 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M496 256c0 137-111.2 248-248.4 248-113.8 0-209.6-76.3-239-180.4l95.2 39.3c6.4 32.1 34.9 56.4 68.9 56.4 39.2 0 71.9-32.4 70.2-73.5l84.5-60.2c52.1 1.3 95.8-40.9 95.8-93.5 0-51.6-42-93.5-93.7-93.5s-93.7 42-93.7 93.5v1.2L176.6 279c-15.5-.9-30.7 3.4-43.5 12.1L0 236.1C10.2 108.4 117.1 8 247.6 8 384.8 8 496 119 496 256zM155.7 384.3l-30.5-12.6a52.79 52.79 0 0 0 27.2 25.8c26.9 11.2 57.8-1.6 69-28.4 5.4-13 5.5-27.3.1-40.3-5.4-13-15.5-23.2-28.5-28.6-12.9-5.4-26.7-5.2-38.9-.6l31.5 13c19.8 8.2 29.2 30.9 20.9 50.7-8.3 19.9-31 29.2-50.8 21zm173.8-129.9c-34.4 0-62.4-28-62.4-62.3s28-62.3 62.4-62.3 62.4 28 62.4 62.3-27.9 62.3-62.4 62.3zm.1-15.6c25.9 0 46.9-21 46.9-46.8 0-25.9-21-46.8-46.9-46.8s-46.9 21-46.9 46.8c.1 25.8 21.1 46.8 46.9 46.8z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a21f5c4 news-container-right\" data-id=\"a21f5c4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1344706 blog-image-info elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"1344706\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"blog-image\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/nutritionallithium.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/Lithium-and-GSK-3-Targeting-rraafyb0m6szl7yye5gh50ipjycmnmxszdbozc2m7a.jpg\" title=\"Low-dose lithium in an addiction treatment setting\" alt=\"Lithium and GSK-3 targeting\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-633f641 h3-heading-1-info elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"633f641\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"h3-heading-1\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation_laptop&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Therapeutic Uses of Lithium Salts<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-114c7f0 main-content-1 elementor-widget-mobile__width-auto elementor-widget-tablet__width-auto elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"114c7f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"p-content-1\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p id=\"main-content-1\">Lithium salts have been a part of the therapeutic toolbox, for better or worse, since the 19th century. They have been claimed to help with conditions like gout, hangovers, and insomnia, and there were early suggestions that lithium might improve psychiatric disorders. However, it was the remarkable effects of lithium reported by John Cade and later by Mogens Schou that revolutionized the treatment of bipolar disorder. \n\nThe known molecular targets of lithium are surprisingly few, including the signaling kinase glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) and a group of related phosphomonoesterases, including inositol monophosphatases and phosphoglucomutase. GSK-3 is a therapeutic target for various diseases, including bipolar disorder, cancer, and coronavirus infections. <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/main>\n\t\t\t\t<main class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-f719361 main-3-wrapper elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"f719361\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;,&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;animation_mobile&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" role=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3a1da36 main-container-left-full\" data-id=\"3a1da36\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0fef4b8 h3-heading-2-info elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0fef4b8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"h3-heading-2\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">History of Lithium Treatment<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c82523 main-content-2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2c82523\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p id=\"main-content-3\">Lithium was discovered as a new element (atomic number 3) in 1817. It is an alkali metal, the lightest solid element, and a monovalent cation in solution. It is used therapeutically mainly as lithium carbonate, but also in other forms such as acetate, citrate, chloride, or sulfate salts. Lithium salts first gained pharmacological popularity in the 19th century as treatments for gout and other conditions thought to be caused by excessive uric acid, since lithium carbonate can dissolve uric acid in vitro. By 1859, Sir Alfred Baring Garrod included recommendations for lithium to treat &#8220;brain gout,&#8221; which included mania.<\/p><p id=\"main-content-4\">In 1871, Danish psychiatrists Carl and Frederik Lange recommended lithium carbonate as maintenance therapy for periodic depression, which they believed was caused by uric acid. The &#8220;uric acid diathesis&#8221; hypothesis of disease was largely abandoned in the early 1900s. Lithia water and lithium tablets were popular patent medicines and health supplements in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Studies claimed lithium water treatments prevented or treated ailments caused by uric acid. The carbonated beverage now known as 7Up was initially marketed as &#8220;Bib-Label Lithiated Lemon-Lime Soda&#8221; and promoted as a hangover cure. Although lithium toxicity was described in several studies, lithium salts remained popular in the United States until the FDA restricted patent medicines.<\/p><p id=\"main-content-5\">In 1948, lithium chloride (LiCl) was marketed as a table salt substitute for low-sodium diets, leading to multiple reports of lithium toxicity, including several fatalities by 1949. In 1949, Australian psychiatrist John Cade successfully used lithium citrate to treat patients institutionalized for mania, having observed a sedative effect of lithium on guinea pigs in uric acid experiments and assessed its safety through self-administration. Longitudinal studies showed that lithium acts as a mood stabilizer, preventing recurrent manic and depressive episodes. The development of a simple assay for plasma lithium levels established a therapeutic range for lithium, demonstrating that it has a narrow therapeutic window. The US FDA approved lithium for the treatment of mania in 1970, becoming the 50th country to do so, and later approved it for maintenance therapy in 1974.<\/p><p id=\"main-content-6\">The specific direct targets of lithium in psychiatry are not fully known, but research has identified several viable candidates. While lithium induces a wide range of physiological and developmental effects, it directly inhibits a few known targets. Identifying which of these targets is responsible for a specific effect of lithium can be challenging, particularly for its therapeutic effects in humans. Validating direct targets of lithium involves several criteria:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-785018b inner-section-2b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"785018b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-9d2aaf9 inner-left-2b-container\" data-id=\"9d2aaf9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d9be607 blog-image-info elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"d9be607\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/drsudhirgadhmd.com\/podcasts-and-publications\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/nutritionallithium.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/dr-sudhir-gadh-lithium-inflammation-psychatry-study-on-you-tube-rraafyav7h10owxxakn1wvotd4co8g45gtiovnrv1i.jpg\" title=\"Dr. Sudhir Gadh YouTube Videos on the Lithium Inflammation Psychiatric Study\" alt=\"image linking to Dr. Sudhir Gadh on YouTube\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-173e6ea inner-right-2b-container\" data-id=\"173e6ea\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f60ae47 elementor-list-item-link-inline inner-bullets-2-info elementor-laptop-align-start elementor-widget-laptop__width-auto elementor-align-start elementor-widget-mobile__width-auto elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"f60ae47\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"far fa-check\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\"> (1) inhibition of the target enzyme at therapeutically relevant concentrations of lithium in vitro and in vivo; <\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"far fa-check\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">(2) structurally distinct inhibitors of the proposed target mimicking the effects of lithium; <\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"far fa-check\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">(3) genetic loss-of-function of the proposed target producing effects similar to those of lithium; <\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"far fa-check\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">(4) the effects of lithium being reversed by restoring target function or a downstream effector. <\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5eb9e52 elementor-button-info elementor-tablet-align-justify elementor-widget__width-auto main-btn-2b-info elementor-widget-laptop__width-auto elementor-widget-tablet__width-auto elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"5eb9e52\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"main-btn-2b\" aria-label=\"Read the Full Impact and Funding Appeal Section\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/10\/2\/255\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\" aria-label=\"Request information about becoming a Lauder Fellow\" id=\"lowdose lithium in addiction treatment setting\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Read the Article on Lithium and Therapeutic Targeting of GSK-3<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/main>\n\t\t\t\t<main class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-584f7b7a news-3-wrapper elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default elementor-invisible\" data-id=\"584f7b7a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;,&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;animation_mobile&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7017b34f news-1-container\" data-id=\"7017b34f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-29331026 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"29331026\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"h3-heading-2b\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">News Archives<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-184cc46 news-1-info ekit-blog-posts--bg-hover bg-hover-gradient elementor-widget elementor-widget-elementskit-blog-posts\" data-id=\"184cc46\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"news-1\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"elementskit-blog-posts.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ekit-wid-con\" >\n        <div id=\"post-items--184cc46\" class=\"ekit-row post-items 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class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Crossover Study of Low-Dose Lithium in Personality Disorder Research Team from the Karolinska 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